Worked example · Welsh · Year 10
LNF: Literacy → Translanguaging → Translanguaging
A secure Year 10 response for GCSE Cymraeg Language and Literature, Unit 4a: Linguistic Connections (4.1.3, writing accurately when translating short text, and translanguaging from English into Welsh), annotated so you can see which success criterion each part meets. It is also the answer key. Key answers: kingfisher is glas y dorlan; free of charge is am ddim; sentence 1 in Step 2 is Roedd hi’n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn drwy’r bore; cyfeilio means to accompany a singer on an instrument. The model article is 191 words without the headline. Where a pupil gives a different answer that is also natural, correct Welsh, accept it: most rows have more than one right answer.
| Saesneg | Cymraeg | Nodyn |
|---|---|---|
| volunteers | gwirfoddolwyr | unigol: gwirfoddolwr (gwrywaidd) |
| clean-up day | diwrnod glanhau | gwrywaidd; pum diwrnod glanhau |
| riverbank | glan yr afon | benywaidd (y lan); lluosog: glannau |
| litter pickers | teclynnau codi sbwriel | unigol: teclyn (gwrywaidd) |
| gloves | menig | unigol: maneg (benywaidd) |
| wellies | welis neu esgidiau glaw | esgid: benywaidd |
| shopping trolleys | trolïau siopa | unigol: troli; 23 o drolïau (treiglad meddal ar ôl “o”) |
| tyres | teiars | unigol: teiar; 41 o deiars |
| tonne | tunnell | benywaidd: dwy dunnell, bron i bedair tunnell; lluosog: tunelli |
| kingfisher | glas y dorlan | enw aderyn, nid lliw; gwrywaidd |
| young trout | brithyll ifanc | gwrywaidd |
| free of charge | am ddim | nid “rhydd”: ystyr rhydd yw free, not trapped |
Every term has a real Welsh equivalent, not an English word with a Welsh ending, and the notes record the gender, plural or mutation the pupil will need in the article (for example 23 o drolïau, bron i bedair tunnell). The last row spots a word with two meanings in English. Evidences criteria 1 and 5.
| # | Fersiwn naturiol | Beth oedd y broblem? |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Roedd hi’n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn drwy’r bore. | Idiom. Mae gan y Gymraeg ei hidiom ei hun am law trwm. Mae “cathod a chŵn” yn ddisynnwyr i siaradwr Cymraeg. |
| 2 | Mewn undeb mae nerth. neu Mae llawer o ddwylo’n gwneud y gwaith yn ysgafn. | Ystyr ac idiom. Mae “golau” yn golygu light fel goleuni, nid pwysau. Y gair cywir yw “ysgafn”. Mae’n well defnyddio dywediad Cymraeg sydd â’r un neges. |
| 3 | Cawson ni hwyl a hanner. neu Roedden ni wrth ein boddau. | Idiom. Does dim morfil mewn idiom Cymraeg am amser da. |
| 4 | Bydd menig, teclynnau codi sbwriel a bagiau ar gael am ddim. | Trefn geiriau ac ystyr. Mae’r frawddeg Gymraeg yn dechrau gyda’r ferf (“Bydd”). “Am ddim”, nid “rhydd o dâl”. Pobl sy’n casglu yw “casglwyr”, nid offer. Mae “ar gael” yn fwy naturiol na’r goddefol hir. |
| 5 | Rhaid i bobl ifanc dan 16 oed ddod gydag oedolyn. | Ystyr, treiglad a chywair. Mae “cyfeilio” yn anghywir (gweler b). “16s” yw lluosog Saesneg; “dan 16 oed” yw’r Gymraeg. Treiglad meddal ar ôl “Rhaid i bobl ifanc”: ddod. |
(b) Ystyr arferol “cyfeilio” yw chwarae offeryn, fel y piano, i gyd-fynd â chantor, er enghraifft mewn eisteddfod. Felly mae’r fersiwn llythrennol yn dweud bod rhaid i bobl ifanc chwarae’r piano i oedolyn!
1: It was raining “old women and sticks”, the Welsh idiom for heavy rain. 2: “In unity there is strength”, or “many hands make the work light”; “golau” is light as in brightness, “ysgafn” is light in weight. 3: “We had fun and a half.” 4: The Welsh sentence starts with the verb; “am ddim” means free of charge; “casglwyr” are people who collect. 5: “Young people under 16 must come with an adult.” (b) “Cyfeilio” means to accompany a singer on an instrument, so the literal version says under 16s must play the piano for an adult.
Each natural version keeps the meaning but not the English wording. The pupil names the problem precisely (idiom, meaning, word order, mutation, register) and explains it with the actual word, so the reasons would transfer to the next sentence they translate. Evidences criteria 2 and 5.
| Pennawd | Trolïau, teiars a glas y dorlan: Afon Helyg yn dod yn ôl yn fyw |
|---|---|
| Agoriad | Y brithyll: o 12 i 31 ers 2024 (ffynhonnell 3). Newyddion da, annisgwyl. |
| 3 ffigur | 3.8 tunnell (bron i bedair tunnell) · 23 troli · 41 teiar |
| Dyfyniad | Rhian Pritchard: undeb a nerth, glas y dorlan, Mr Jones a’r 40 mlynedd (ffynhonnell 2) |
| Diwedd | 17 Hydref, 09:30 i 13:00, Pont Newydd, offer am ddim, dan 16 gydag oedolyn, cofrestru erbyn 9 Hydref (ffynhonnell 1) |
| Gadael allan | Enw swyddog y cyngor, y lluniaeth, yr hen waith tun, y côn traffig a’r pacedi creision, y 2.5 km. Dydyn nhw ddim yn bwysig i ddarllenwyr ifanc, a byddai gormod o ffigurau yn drwm. |
The plan takes something from all three sources but puts it in a new order: good news first, people and quotation in the middle, practical details last. The council notice started with the date; the article ends with it. The pupil explains what is left out and why. Evidences criterion 3.
Trolïau, teiars a glas y dorlan: Afon Helyg yn dod yn ôl yn fyw
Mae’r brithyll yn ôl yn Afon Helyg. Ers i Gyfeillion Afon Helyg ddechrau glanhau’r afon ym mis Ebrill 2024, mae nifer y brithyll ifanc ger Pont Newydd wedi codi o 12 i 31.
Mewn pum diwrnod glanhau, mae’r grŵp wedi clirio bron i bedair tunnell o sbwriel o’r afon a’i glannau, gan gynnwys 23 o drolïau siopa a 41 o deiars.
Ym mis Ebrill, roedd hi’n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn, ond daeth 28 o bobl i helpu, o blentyn bach mewn côt law goch i Mr Emrys Jones, sy’n 81 oed.
“Mewn undeb mae nerth,” meddai Rhian Pritchard, un o’r gwirfoddolwyr. “Wrth i ni orffen, hedfanodd glas y dorlan heibio. Doedd Mr Jones ddim wedi gweld un ar yr afon ers deugain mlynedd. Roeddwn i’n fud!”
Mae’r diwrnod glanhau nesaf ddydd Sadwrn 17 Hydref, rhwng 09:30 a 13:00, ym maes parcio Pont Newydd. Bydd menig, teclynnau codi sbwriel a bagiau ar gael am ddim, felly dewch â’ch welis a’ch côt law. Rhaid i bobl ifanc dan 16 oed ddod gydag oedolyn, a rhaid cofrestru yn Llyfrgell Cwm Helyg erbyn 9 Hydref.
Mae’r brithyll wedi dod yn ôl. Beth amdanoch chi?
Nifer y geiriau: 191
Trolleys, tyres and a kingfisher: the River Helyg comes back to life. The trout are back in the River Helyg. Since Friends of the River Helyg started cleaning the river in April 2024, the number of young trout near Pont Newydd has risen from 12 to 31. In five clean-up days, the group has cleared nearly four tonnes of rubbish from the river and its banks, including 23 shopping trolleys and 41 tyres. In April it poured with rain, but 28 people came to help, from a small child in a red raincoat to Mr Emrys Jones, who is 81. “In unity there is strength,” said Rhian Pritchard, one of the volunteers. “As we finished, a kingfisher flew past. Mr Jones had not seen one on the river for forty years. I was speechless!” The next clean-up day is on Saturday 17 October, from 09:30 to 13:00, at Pont Newydd car park. Gloves, litter pickers and bags will be available free of charge, so bring your wellies and your raincoat. Young people under 16 must come with an adult, and you must register at Cwm Helyg Library by 9 October. The trout have come back. What about you?
This is an article, not a translation. It opens with the trout, which is the last line of the fact box, and ends with the notice’s practical details. 3.8 tonnes becomes bron i bedair tunnell (nearly four tonnes), which is easier to picture. The blog’s English idioms are replaced with Welsh ones (hen wragedd a ffyn, mewn undeb mae nerth), and the quotation is reported in natural Welsh. The ending echoes the opening and speaks directly to the reader. Evidences criteria 2, 3 and 4.
Berf ar ddechrau brawddeg: Bydd menig, teclynnau codi sbwriel a bagiau ar gael am ddim.
Treiglad ar ôl rhif: 23 o drolïau; bron i bedair tunnell.
Idiom Cymraeg: roedd hi’n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn.
Dau gywiriad: “Ers i Cyfeillion” wedi’i newid i “Ers i Gyfeillion” (treiglad meddal ar ôl “i”); “dewch a’ch welis” wedi’i newid i “dewch â’ch welis” (â = with).
The checking is targeted: the pupil looks for the features the criteria name, not just spelling, and fixes a missing mutation and a missing accent that changes meaning. Evidences criterion 5.